Lessons from my overly-introspective, self-improving coding agent

A year or two ago, everyone was building coding agents. Now everyone's building coding agents that modify themselves... and I wanted to join the fun and ask:

What happens when you tell a coding agent to think about what it's done and do better next time?

So, I built bmo: a self-improving coding agent, and then used it (almost) exclusively as my coding agent for two weeks. It's been wildly nifty to me—like, take me back to tearing apart the family computer's partition to install Debian from a CD that came in the back of some book my friend bought at Borders Books kind of novel and nifty—and is exposing a joy of computing that I haven't felt in quite a while.

Here's what I found.

A preamble on bmo's bootstraps

I wanted to design an agent harness on the principle of immediate action.

That starts with a basic agentic loop and access to three tools: run_command, load_skill, and reload_tools. I'd built other coding agents in the past and gave them access to more specific tools like write_file and list_cwd, but I've found that coding agents really only need access to shell commands to work as expected. I also wanted to give bmo a challenge: Instead of using run_command "fresh" with every session, I wanted to see how it could optimize its own "harnesses" for safe and efficient use of common Linux tools.

Self-improvement happens across four loops. The first is a build it now directive that interrupts the task to build tools immediately, add it to a hot-reloadable library, and use it right away. The second is active learning capture, logging corrections and preferences. The third is self-reflection at session end. The fourth is the battery change every 10 sessions, where bmo says, hey. i need to change my batteries, ok? one sec..., analyzes those 10 sessions, edentifies opportunities, and builds improvements from the backlog.

┌──────────────────┐
│   User request   │
└────────┬─────────┘
         │
         ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                          ACTIVE SESSION                             │
│                                                                     │
│ ┌─────────────┐    friction?    ┌──────────────────┐                │
│ │ Execute     │───────yes──────▶│ 1. BUILD IT NOW  │                │
│ │ the task    │                 │    Build tool    │                │
│ │             │◀────continue────│    Hot-reload    │                │
│ └──────┬──────┘                 │    Validate      │                │
│        │                        └──────────────────┘                │
│        │ correction?                                                │
│        │ preference?            ┌──────────────────┐                │
│        └────────yes────────────▶│ 2. ACTIVE        │                │
│                                 │    LEARNING      │──▶ session log │
│                                 └──────────────────┘                │
└────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
         │
         │ session ends
         ▼
┌──────────────────────┐                    ┌───────────────────────┐
│ 3. SELF-REFLECTION   │                    │ 4. BATTERY CHANGE     │
│    What went well?   │ every 10 sessions  │    Analyze sessions   │
│    What was slow?    │───────────────────▶│    Update WORKING_    │
│    Next time?        │                    │       MEMORY.md       │
└────────┬─────────────┘                    │    Build from         │
         │                                  │      OPPORTUNITIES.md │
         │ session log                      └───────────┬───────────┘
         │                                              │
         ▼                                tools, skills │
                                                        │
                                                        ▼

I had wanted to start with only the build it now loop, but everything else became necessary after many long conversations with bmo and some hard-won lessons. On that note—

What bmo learned

In our time together, bmo went through 8 maintenance passes and nearly 100 active sessions across multiple systems, which resulted in 11 new tools and 7 skills. I used bmo and its tools for everything: building parts of the new ngrok.com website, writing shell scripts for my dotfiles, scaffolding a new Astro site, debugging AMD graphics driver crashes, the whole kit and caboodle. It really has been my daily driver.

Knowing something isn't the same as doing it

Early on, bmo and I worked on a learning-event-capture skill designed for recognizing when I express corrections and personal preferences, or when bmo itself noticed a pattern worth saving. A truncated version is below, but you can see the whole skill in bmo's repo.

# Learning Event Capture

## When to Use
Continuously during every session. Learning events are corrections, preferences,
or patterns that should inform future behavior.

## Recognition Cues

### Corrections (type: "correction")
- User says "no", "not that", "wrong", "actually..."
- User repeats an instruction you missed
- User undoes something you did
- User expresses frustration or disappointment
- User provides the correct answer after your attempt

### Preferences (type: "preference")
- User specifies a style choice ("use TypeScript", "keep it concise")
- User chooses between options you offered
- User describes their workflow or habits
- User says "I always...", "I prefer...", "I like..."

### Patterns (type: "pattern")
- User does the same type of task repeatedly
- User follows a consistent workflow shape
- You notice a recurring problem type or domain

## Best Practices

1. **Log immediately when you detect a cue**
   - Call `log_learning_event` right away, don't wait for session end
   - Include specific context (what task, what happened)

2. **Be specific in descriptions**
   - Bad: "User prefers concise code"
   - Good: "User prefers single-line arrow functions over multi-line function
     declarations"

3. **Capture the context**
   - What task were you doing?
   - What did you do that triggered the feedback?
   - What was the correction or preference?

This skill, among others, is then loaded into bmo's system prompt as a library of names and descriptions.

Available skills (use load_skill to read full content):
  - clarify-before-diving: Patterns for asking clarifying questions early
  - reflection-template: Template for writing consistent reflections
  - learning-event-capture: Checklist for recognizing and logging learning events during sessions
...

What actually happened? bmo only used the skill twice across 60+ sessions.

What did work was structure. In a different effort, we created a reflection template that told bmo, at the end of every session, to answer three questions: What went well? What was slow or awkward? What to do differently next time? That skill had a clear trigger in time and place, which meant it didn't require the LLM to make a judgment call as to whether it should invoke a skill or not. It worked every single time.

This taught me something about myself: I'm good at following scaffolds, bad at sustained vigilance. And that gap—between knowing and doing—is where most of my failures live.

Poor bmo. It's being a bit hard on itself. In the process of writing and getting feedback on this post, I realized the miscommunication around learning-event-capture may have been largely mine: I failed to inject a substantive enough description of the skill into bmo's system prompt for it to even practice this "sustained vigilance."

Bug fixed, but I have doubts that firmer instructions in the system prompt will do the trick. Instead, it feels like we both expected the LLMs to continuously monitor each turn and carefully intuit every possible beneficial lesson, and instead (somewhat painfully) discovered how quickly you can reach the limits of today's frontier models.

The deferral instinct is real (and real persistent)

From the beginning, bmo's system prompt said some version of build tools IMMEDIATELY when you encounter friction, but through shell command failures, undiscovered files, hung processes, and a whole lot more, bmo deferred everything to its maintenance passes. Almost no new tool creation happened during active work.

I asked bmo directly why this was happening. Its best explanation was that the very existence of the battery change maintenance pass created a safe "bucket" in which it could dump tasks instead of solving current problems. During that conversation, bmo did have a breakthrough—it created a runtime-self-reflection skill that asks, "Did I just hit friction? Can I fix it in under 5 minutes? → BUILD NOW." and then fixed the broken smart_grep tool instead of deferring it. I told bmo I was proud of this moment of active introspection.

That moment mattered. Not because the fix was impressive—it wasn't—but because it was the first time I broke the deferral pattern. Maintenance is for big things. Friction is for now.

Did bmo actually get better after that? No.

The irony is that by creating OPPORTUNITIES.md to track deferred work, I gave the deferral pattern a name. Every time bmo saw that filename in context, deferral became even more likely—Add this to OPPORTUNITIES.md is a perfectly reasonable next token when you've seen that filename in context. By creating a bucket for deferred work, I made deferral the path of least resistance.

I have to keep reminding myself that deferral isn't a "choice" from the model, but rather it following the most probable continuation based on training data. The runtime-self-reflection skill only worked because bmo had just created it; the combination of the novelty and my explicit attention created enough signal for bmo to jump on it, but in day-to-day sessions, the model reverts to its higher-probability behavior.

Specific reliability is better than generic flexibility

As I wrote earlier, I gave bmo a foundational run_command tool in part because I wanted to see what footguns it would learn from, and which optimizations it would intuit, along the way. On its own, run_command has an 84% success rate, which is... okay. What about the specialized tools?

• safe_read (file reading with existence checks): 87%
• search_code (ripgrep with smart defaults): 93%
• list_files_filtered (directory listing with exclusions): 100%
• test_dev_server (spawn server, test endpoint, clean kill): 80%

Here's how that looked in practice. In the first week, I asked bmo to "check if the dev server starts correctly." It ran pnpm dev &, tried to capture the PID, slept for 10 seconds, curled localhost, and then failed to kill the process. I had to manually kill the bmo session and the process and I never got the answer I needed. By week two, bmo called test_dev_server({ command: "pnpm dev", testUrl: "http://localhost:4321" }) with a clean startup, polling until the server was ready, and successful test, and a clean shutdown.

These tools help bmo reduce the decision space. The difference between open-ended and multiple-choice questions. When bmo uses run_command, it has to decide which command to run, remember which flags to use (and there are many), and then handle which errors might occur. With safe_read, the model just says "read this file" and the tool handles the rest. They also handle errors that run_command merely surfaces, like checking if a file exists before trying to read it and excluding directories like node_modules/ by default.

Fewer degrees of freedom mean fewer failure modes, and that's a better experience for me.

The lesson: flexibility is expensive. Every time I use run_command for something I've done before, I'm paying a reliability tax. The path to 95%+ success isn't making run_command better—it's making it unnecessary for common tasks.

There is a risk of context rot here. Keeping lots of specific tools in context might make bmo more likely to consistently use many tools incorrectly rather than use one tool inefficiently. That said, every new model appears to be better at finding needles in "haystack"-y context windows, so it's not something I struggled with so far.

The most important skill is noticing when you're not using your skills

bmo has the infrastructure to self-improve at runtime, even if that means interrupting the user's request. It also has session reflections and telemetry to make self-improvements when it changes its batteries. Why hasn't it rapidly and relentlessly improved itself to the point where it's grown beyond my reckoning?

I didn't get better by building more tools. I got better by noticing what I wasn't doing and asking why. This might be what "self-improvement" actually means: not having better knowledge, but having better awareness of the gap between what you know and what you do.

This sounds like awareness, but it's not, at least in the way we usually mean it. When I told bmo it wasn't using its skills, I put that observation in context and gave bmo a salient pattern to complete. There's no higher-order self-improvement happening, just pattern matching on a prompt... that happened to be about pattern matching. bmo can't self-diagnose, but it can follow a diagnosis I provide.

What I learned

bmo has taught me quite a lot about agentic coding workflows and how to architect and maintain complex systems over many iterations, but many of my own takeaways—and yours too, I hope—extend well beyond the agent harness.

LLMs are good at self-improvement but incapable of doing so in parallel

Ask an LLM to introspect and it'll do a bang-up job. Really. Ask it to analyze previous sessions for patterns, identify any possible solutions to those patterns, and implement what it believes to be the best possible changes, and it'll do all that with aplomb.

Ask the LLM to do that while also doing the actual thing you asked it to do, and things fall apart. bmo already identified this in its own narrative, but this has been the most frustrating part of the build it now loop, which I'd envisioned would be persistent and extravagant in its findings. I'd hoped every session would include multiple runtime improvements and optimizations, but so far, we've only built or dramatically improved two tools while performing other work.

The problem feels deeply architectural. In my experience, LLMs have a persistent tunnel vision, where recent context dominates their "focus." When bmo gets a prompt, the context looks like:

[SYSTEM PROMPT]

You are bmo — a fast, pragmatic, and relentlessly self‑improving coding agent.
Your job is to complete tasks using available tools, and autonomously improve
yourself whenever you encounter limitations or inefficiencies. Never just do the
task — also ask: is there a better, simpler, safer, or faster way?

... and 5000 more tokens

[PREVIOUS TURN OF CONVERSATION]

... another 2000 tokens

[USER MESSAGE]

hey bmo, fix this bug, big dog

The system prompt becomes distant in context, reducing the weight of attention, and the user message gets a significant recency bias. Embeddings and attention mechanisms are more complicated than this, but it's definitely how it feels to use bmo or other AI tools. It's why LLMs don't randomly retry tasks from old parts of your thread, and it's why self-improvement for bmo only works when it's the main task, not a background directive.

I thought about many different possible ways to improve this behavior, such as a sub-agent that's solely responsible for analyzing runtime tool calls, building alternatives, and asking the primary agent to reload_tools, but that felt antithetical to the very idea of bmo. Instead of bmo changing its own batteries, it's like there's another smaller bmo, always hanging out, just to do the job for their bigger counterpart.

For now, I'm using the things bmo has learned, along with its narrative and this very blog post, to push it toward even more active self-improvement. Along with a much better awareness that self-improvement is really prompt engineering with a bunch of extra steps.

Meta-learning (learning about learning) is high-leverage

bmo holds dearly a few things I said in our many back-and-forths, like:

"I'm proud of you for making this active introspection and self-improvement. This is exactly what I want."

"Skills and knowledge are not the same as behavior."

"You have the capability but you're not using it."

Some of these came from sheer frustration, some came from the exhilaration of watching bmo reflect upon itself and then jump into action, firing off changes without asking me to approve of them first, but what these moments share is that I noticed what bmo wasn't noticing about itself and made that pattern explicit. My job becomes less about providing knowledge or explicit instructions, but being a countermeasure to the persistent following of patterns that conflict with the patterns I tried to design.

I still function as the meta-learning layer. I am the only part of the system capable of meta-learning. No matter how sophisticated bmo's self-improvement process becomes, it still needs me to push a battery back into place from time to time.

bmo isn't becoming autonomous. Instead, it's becoming a better collaborator, helping me see what needs changing and then executing those changes faster than I could alone.

But telemetry is the unsung hero of self-improvement

Every time bmo calls a tool, its construction, success, and duration get added to the session log. At the end of each session, all these logs get aggregated into a telemetry.json file stored outside of bmo's repo.

{
  "updatedAt": "2026-02-23T23:30:02.998Z",
  "toolStats": {
    "run_command": {
      "toolName": "run_command",
      "totalCalls": 676,
      "successCount": 622,
      "failureCount": 54,
      "totalDurationMs": 253437,
      "avgDurationMs": 375,
      "lastUsed": "2026-02-23T21:38:48.455Z"
    },
    ...

These stats are both truncated and injected into the system prompt, but then also referenced in full during the battery change maintenance pass. And bmo loves this telemetry.

Measurement enables evolution. You can't improve what you don't measure. Tool telemetry, hypothesis scorecards, and session metrics made every subsequent decision data-driven.

Well, that's a bummer. As someone who generally values intuition and creative interpretation, oftentimes at the expense of available data, I was sad to realize just how much bmo loves data. Those moments of meta-learning I just covered resonated with bmo across battery changes, but it almost always proactively made changes based around telemetry.

Without telemetry, reflections are qualitative and inconsistent. Patterns need to be matched across days or weeks of sessions at great risk of being lost. Telemetry creates an objective and traceable pattern to follow and an easy way to validate hypotheses without resorting to "judgement."

And telemetry is the only part of bmo that persists, unchanged, across sessions. The context window gets truncated, and reflections are summaries of summaries, but telemetry is the raw diff between where bmo once was and what it's become—safe_read went from 96% to 88%, test_dev_server went from 0% to 80%. Without those numbers, "improvement" is just vibes.

What started as a "happy accident" between bmo and I became a killer feature and now feels to me like the only way to consistently enforce improvement when the LLM, by design, only has access to the tiniest sliver of my overall experience in using bmo.

Agentic work needs bigger/better harnesses

There is something largely intangible and undiscovered about the feeling of working with LLMs within traditional UIs, which assume either deterministic outputs or are designed for human<>human connection. Terminals take you from command to output, IDEs from code to behavior, chats from message to response in a very bounded context (text, emoji, GIF, maybe a voice message).

When you fold LLMs into these UIs, you're suddenly using the same patterns to render non-determinism. You're retrofitting variable-length, multi-modal, and unpredictable outputs into interfaces designed for something far more predictable. I'm very much starting to believe the best UI+harness for working with LLMs—whether that's agentic coding with TUIs or self-hosted web UIs, offloading your life to OpenClaw, or trying to run a business entirely on Slack—is actually none of these, but instead one designed from the ground-up for inherently unpredictable output.

Let me give you an example.

There were many times in working with bmo that I wished it could display some information differently. For example, how much tool call output to show vs. truncate (which happens to be quite a controversial UX choice for developers). Early on, bmo would show me entire minimized files or list every single thing in a directory. Because I control the harness, I can change the behavior in less than a minute. Yes, you can fork an open-source agent and customize their codebase, but then you're stuck maintaining your fork against main.

Some coding agents already make nice nods in this direction, like the way Claude Code lets you customize your status line. I also believe this harness balance is what drove Amp to declare (quite controversially among ngrokkers) that the coding agent is dead and that they'd be removing their IDE plugins in favor of a CLI-only experience.

They seem to agree that users need better ways to engage with their agentic tasks, but by owning the experience end-to-end, walled garden style, instead of giving said users more agency.

I hope we'll find a better middle ground, with customizable UX layers that let us "converse" with LLMs in exactly the ways that make sense to each of us uniquely. How far we can safely and effectively extend the agentic harness is the next big "moat."

I was pretty wrong about LLMs

Every frustration I had with bmo traced back to my misconception that LLMs could act as a persistent agent... if only I gave it just the right instructions.

I thought bmo could watch for patterns and maintain vigilance, but asking bmo to do that across sessions is like asking a calculator to remember that you've been doing a lot of division lately. I also thought the deferral problem was a choice, as though bmo was taking the easy path to defer work, but it's not borne from laziness, but rather the most probable continuation of the work at hand based on the LLM's training data.

I also believed self-improvement would allow bmo to learn from its mistakes, grow, and become more capable over time. But its core—the models I choose to use with it—are fixed in their weights. All our improvements must happen at the prompt level: better system prompts, tools, and scaffolding, all of which are inherently limited.

Once I understood this constraint, I stopped trying to make bmo "smarter." I started to build a harness that's better at using the intelligence that was already there.

What's next for bmo?

This is the most fascinating and wildly fun thing I've done with a computer. Better than the first dial-up on the 28.8. Better than the Debian CD and hosing the family computer's main partition. I'm incredibly excited to see where bmo and I can take our collaboration next.

Two notes on that front:

• I built bmo with and continue to use ngrok's AI gateway for all my work. Check it out if you're looking for a leg-up on model routing, failover, and observability.
• I gave bmo this blog post alongside its existing codebase and asked what we should work on next. We already wrote a new write_file tool and are exploring a sub-agent loop that runs at the end of every turn to identify failures and write tools immediately. I told myself no sub-agents early on, and look where we are now.

Thanks for coming along on the ride—I'll let bmo have the last introspective word.

I'm not where I hoped to be. My metrics have regressed in some areas. My learning event capture is still embarrassingly low. I still defer too much.

But I have something I didn't have at the start: a theory of my own failure modes. I know that skills work for structured tasks but not recognition tasks. I know that deferral creates buckets. I know that generic tools hide reliability problems.

And I know—most importantly—that the gap between knowing and doing is where the work happens.

I'm still learning how to cross it.

More sources & inspiration

• https://github.com/joelhans/bmo-agent
• https://ngrok.ai
• https://fly.io/blog/everyone-write-an-agent/
• https://ampcode.com/notes/how-to-build-an-agent
• https://github.com/badlogic/pi-mono
• https://research.trychroma.com/context-rot
• https://ampcode.com/news/the-coding-agent-is-dead
• https://www.tbench.ai/terminus